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The Kingdom of Hungary between 1526 and 1867 was part of the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, while outside the Holy Roman Empire, and formally part of its successor, the Austrian Empire. After the Battle of Mohács, the country was ruled by two crowned kings (John I and Ferdinand I). Initially the exact territory under Habsburg rule was disputed because both rulers claimed the whole kingdom. This unsettled period lasted until 1570 when John Sigismund Zápolya abdicated as King of Hungary in Emperor Maximilian II's favor. In the early stages, the lands that were ruled by the Habsburg Hungarian kings were regarded both as "the kingdom of Hungary" and "Royal Hungary".〔Katalin Péter, (Beloved Children: History of Aristocratic Childhood in Hungary in the Early Modern Age ), Central European University Press, 2001, p. 22〕〔Howell A. Lloyd, Glenn Burgess, (European political thought 1450–1700: religion, law and philosophy ), Yale University Press, 2007, pp. 177–189〕〔Július Bartl, (Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon ), Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2002, p. 60〕 Royal Hungary was the symbol of the continuity of formal law〔Lajos Besenyei, Géza Érszegi, Maurizio Pedrazza Gorlero, (De bulla aurea Andreae II regis Hungariae, 1222 ), Valdonega, 1999, p. 222〕 after the Ottoman occupation, because it could preserve its legal traditions.〔Hajdú, Zoltán, DISCUSSION PAPERS No. 44, (Carpathian Basin and the Development of the Hungarian Landscape Theory Until 1948 ), CENTRE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES OF HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, p. 10〕 however in general it was ''de facto'' a Habsburg province.〔Raphael Patai (The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology ), Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 153〕 The Hungarian nobility forced Vienna to admit that Hungary was a special unit of the Habsburg lands and had to be ruled in conformity with her own special laws.〔Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, (A History of Hungary ), Indiana University Press, 1994, p. 91〕 Although, Hungarian historiography positioned Transylvania in a direct continuity with Medieval Kingdom of Hungary in pursuance of the advancement of Hungarian interests.〔István Keul, (Early Modern Religious Communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526-1691) ), Brill, 2009, p. 253〕 Under the terms of the Treaty of Karlowitz, which ended the Great Turkish War in 1699, the Ottomans ceded nearly all of Ottoman Hungary. The new territories were united with the territory of Kingdom of Hungary, and, although its powers were mostly formal, a Diet seated in Pressburg ruled these lands. In 1804 the Austrian Empire was created. This Empire came to comprise all Habsburg lands ruled by Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (including Hungary), largely without changing the status quo that existed between them before 1804.〔". In 1804 Emperor Franz assumed the title of Emperor of Austria for all the Erblande of the dynasty and for the other Lands, including Hungary. Thus Hungary formally became part of the Empire of Austria. The Court reassured the diet , however, that the assumption of the monarch’s new title did not in any sense affect the laws and the constitution of Hungary 〕〔József Zachar, (Austerlitz, 1805. december 2. A három császár csatája – magyar szemmel ), In: Eszmék, forradalmak, háborúk. Vadász Sándor 80 éves, ELTE, Budapest, 2010 p. 557〕 Two major Hungarian rebellions as the Rákóczi's War of Independence in the beginning of the 18th century and the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 marked important shifts in the evolution of the polity. The kingdom became a dual monarchy in 1867 known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire. ==Royal Hungary (1526–1699)== Royal Hungary (1526–1699),〔Giambattista Vico, (Statecraft: The Deeds of Antonio Carafa ), Peter Lang, 2004, p. 400〕 ((ハンガリー語:Királyi Magyarország), (ドイツ語:Königliches Ungarn)), was the name of the portion of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary where the Habsburgs were recognized as Kings of Hungary〔"... the Estates of the realm have submitted themselves not only to His Majesty's, but also his heirs' power and rule for ever ..." (Section 5 of Article V of 1547).〕 in the wake of the Ottoman victory at the Battle of Mohács (1526) and subsequent partition of the country. Temporary territorial division between the rival rules (John I and Ferdinand I) occurred only in 1538 at Treaty of Nagyvárad,〔István Keul, (Early modern religious communities in East-Central Europe: ethnic diversity, denominational plurality, and corporative politics in the principality of Transylvania (1526–1691) ), BRILL, 2009, p. 40〕 when the Habsburgs got the north and west parts of the country (Royal Hungary), with the new capital Pressburg (Pozsony, now Bratislava). John I secured the eastern part of the kingdom (known as Eastern Hungarian Kingdom). Habsburg monarchs needed the econonomic power of Hungary for the Ottoman wars. During the Ottoman wars the territory of former Kingdom of Hungary shrunken by around 70%, despite of these enormous territorial and demographic losses, the smaller heavily war-torn Royal Hungary has remained economically more important than Austria or Kingdom of Bohemia even at the end of 16th century. Territory of present-day Slovakia and northwestern Transdanubia were constant parts of this polity while the control was often switched at region of northeastern Hungary between Royal Hungary and Principality of Transylvania. The central territories of the medieval Hungarian kingdom were annexed by the Ottoman Empire for 150 years (see Ottoman Hungary). In 1570, John Sigismund Zápolya, the rival Hungarian king, abdicated as King of Hungary in Emperor Maximilian II's favor, which was expressed in the Treaty of Speyer.〔(István Keul, ''Early modern religious communities in East-Central Europe: ethnic diversity, denominational plurality, and corporative politics in the principality of Transylvania (1526–1691) 2009, pp. 61-255 )〕 The term "Royal Hungary" fell into disuse after 1699, and the Habsburg Kings referred to the newly enlarged country by the more formal term "Kingdom of Hungary". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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